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Little Dictionary of Fashion Christian Dior Pdf

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French fashion visitor

Christian Dior SE
Type Public (Societas Europaea)[1]

Traded as
  • Euronext: CDI
  • Euronext 100 component
Industry Luxury goods
Founded xvi December 1946; 75 years ago  (1946-12-16)
Founder Christian Dior
Headquarters 30 Avenue Montaigne
Paris, France[2]

Number of locations

 210

Area served

 Worldwide

Cardinal people

 Bernard Arnault (chairman)
Pietro Beccari (vice-chairman & CEO)[3]
Maria Grazia Chiuri (creative director)
Kim Jones (creative director)[4]
Products Habiliment, cosmetics, fashion accessories, jewelry, perfumes, spirits, watches, wines
Services Section stores
Revenue Increase €53.67 billion (2019)[5]

Operating income

 Increase €11.43 billion (2019)[v]

Net income

 Increase €7.78 billion (2019)[five]
Total assets Increase €93.83 billion (2019)[v]
Full disinterestedness Decrease €35.71 billion (2019)[5]

Number of employees

 163,309 (2019)[5]
Divisions
  • Christian Dior Cosmetics
  • Dior Homme
  • Parfums Christian Dior
Subsidiaries
  • Christian Dior Couture[half-dozen]
  • LVMH (42.36%)
Website dior.com

Christian Dior SE (French: [kʁistjɑ̃ djɔʁ]),[1] commonly known as Dior, is a French luxury fashion house[2] controlled and chaired by French man of affairs Bernard Arnault, who besides heads LVMH, the globe'southward largest luxury group. Dior itself holds 42.36% shares of and 59.01% voting rights within LVMH.[7] [eight]

The company was founded in 1946 by French style designer Christian Dior, who was originally from Normandy. This make but sells shoes and wearable and can just be bought in Dior stores. Haute couture is under the Christian Dior Couture sectionalisation. Pietro Beccari has been the CEO of Christian Dior Couture since 2018.[9]

History [edit]

Founding [edit]

The Business firm of Dior was established on 16 December 1946[10] [vi] at 30 Artery Montaigne in Paris. Nonetheless, the electric current Dior corporation celebrates "1947" as the opening year.[6] Dior was financially backed by wealthy businessman Marcel Boussac.[vi] [11] Boussac had originally invited Dior to design for Philippe et Gaston, merely Dior refused, wishing to make a fresh start under his own name rather than reviving an old brand.[12] The new couture house became a part of "a vertically integrated textile concern" already operated by Boussac.[11] Its capital was at FFr 6 million and workforce at eighty employees.[11] The company was actually a vanity projection for Boussac and was a "majorly owned chapter of Boussac Saint-Freres S.A. Nevertheless, Dior was allowed a and then-unusual great office in his namesake characterization (legal leadership, a non-controlling stake in the firm, and one-tertiary of pretax profits) despite Boussac'south reputation as a "command freak". Dior's creativity besides negotiated him a skilful salary.[11]

"New Look" [edit]

"Bar" conform, 1947, displayed in Moscow, 2011

On 12 February 1947, Christian Dior launched his first way collection for Spring–Summer 1947. The show of "90 models of his kickoff collection on six mannequins" was presented in the salons of the company'due south headquarters at 30 Avenue Montaigne.[6] Originally, the 2 lines were named "Corolle" and "Huit".[6] Nevertheless, the new drove went down in fashion history every bit the "New Look" afterward the editor-in-chief of Harper's Boutique Carmel Snow exclaimed, "Information technology's such a new look!"[six] [xi] The New Look was a revolutionary era for women at the finish of the 1940s.[13] When the collection was presented, the editor in chief also showed appreciation past saying; "It'due south quite a revolution, honey Christian!" [13] The debut collection of Christian Dior is credited with having revived the way manufacture of France.[xiv] Along with that, the New Look brought back the spirit of haute couture in France equally it was considered glamorous and young-looking.[15] "Nosotros were witness to a revolution in fashion and to a revolution in showing style likewise."[16] The silhouette was characterized past a pocket-size, nipped-in waist and a total skirt falling below mid-calf length, which emphasized the bust and hips, as epitomized past the 'Bar' suit from the first collection.[17] [xviii] The collection overall showcased more stereotypically feminine designs in contrast to the popular fashions of wartime, with full skirts, tight waists, and soft shoulders. Dior retained some of the masculine aspects as they connected to hold popularity through the early on 1940s, just he besides wanted to include more than feminine manner.[19]

The New Look became extremely popular, its full-skirted silhouette influencing other style designers well into the 1950s, and Dior gained a number of prominent clients from Hollywood, the United States, and the European elite. As a effect, Paris, which had fallen from its position equally the capital of the fashion world after Globe State of war 2, regained its preeminence.[20] [21] The New Look was welcomed in western Europe as a refreshing antitoxin to the austerity of wartime and de-feminizing uniforms, and was embraced past fashionable women such as Princess Margaret in the United kingdom.[ citation needed ] Co-ordinate to Harold Koda, Dior credited Charles James with inspiring The New Look.[22] Dior's designs from the "New Expect" did not but affect the designers in the 1950s, but also more recent designers in the 2000s, including Thom Browne, Miuccia Prada, and Vivienne Westwood. Dior's evening dresses from that time are notwithstanding referred to by many designers, and they take been seen in different wedding themed catwalks with multiple layers of fabric building up below the small waist (Jojo, 2011). Examples include Vivienne Westwood's Ready-to-Wear Autumn/Winter 2011 and Alexander McQueen's Fix to Article of clothing Fall/Winter 2011 (Jojo, 2011).[ commendation needed ]

Non everyone was pleased with the New Look, even so. Some considered the amount of cloth to be wasteful, especially after years of textile rationing.[23] Feminists in detail were outraged, feeling that these corseted designs were restrictive and regressive, and that they took away a woman'south independence.[24] There were several protestation groups confronting the designs including, the League of Bankrupt Husbands, made up of 30,000 men who were against the costs associated with the amount of material needed for such designs. Fellow designer Coco Chanel remarked, "Only a man who never was intimate with a woman could design something that uncomfortable."[21] Despite such protests, the New Look was highly influential, continuing to inform the work of other designers and fashion well into the 21st century.[14] For the 60th anniversary of the New Expect in 2007, John Galliano revisited information technology for his Spring-Summer drove for Dior.[25] Galliano used the wasp waist and rounded shoulders, modernised and updated with references to origami and other Japanese influences.[25] In 2012 Raf Simons revisited the New Await for his debut haute couture collection for Dior, wishing to update its ideas for the 21st century in a minimalist simply also sensual and sexy manner.[14] [26] Simons's work for Dior retained the luxurious fabrics and silhouette, but encouraged self-respect for the adult female's body and liberation of expression.[26] The design process for this drove, which was produced in only eight weeks, is documented in Dior and I, presenting Simons'due south use of technology and modernist re-interpretations.[27]

Dior [edit]

Available references contradict themselves whether Christian Dior Parfums was established in 1947 or 1948. The Dior corporation itself lists the founding of Christian Dior Parfums as 1947, with the launch of its starting time perfume, Miss Dior.[6] Dior revolutionized the perfumery industry with the launch of the highly popular Miss Dior parfum, which was named afterward Catherine Dior (Christian Dior's sis).[6] Christian Dior Ltd owned 25%, manager of Coty perfumes held 35%, and Boussac endemic 40% of the perfume business, headed by Serge Heftler Louiche.[vi] Pierre Cardin was made head of the Dior workshop from 1947 until 1950. In 1948, a New York Urban center Christian Dior Parfums co-operative was established—this could exist the cause of establishment-appointment outcome.[vi] The modern Dior corporation also notes that "a luxury gear up-to-wearable firm is established in New York at the corner of 5th Avenue and 57th Street, the start of its kind," in 1948.[6] In 1949, the "Diorama" perfume is released and[6] by 1949, the New Wait line lone made a profit FFr 12.7 million.[11]

Expansion, and decease of Christian Dior [edit]

Expansion from French republic began by the end of 1949 with the opening of a Christian Dior bazaar in New York City. By the terminate of the year, Dior fashions made upward 75% of Paris's fashion exports and v% of French republic's total export revenue.[11]

In 1949, Douglas Cox from Melbourne, Commonwealth of australia, travelled to Paris to run into with Christian Dior to discuss the possibility of having Dior pieces made for the Australian market. Christian Dior and Douglas Cox signed a contract for Dior to produce original designs and for Douglas Cox to create them in his Flinders Lane workshop.[28] A young Jill Walker, still in her mid teens, was i of the many workers for Douglas Cox, a couture label now in the headlines in Australian newspapers almost daily. Jill would go onto forming a couture legacy in Melbourne with pop labels such as Jinoel and Marti with husband Noel Kemelfield.[29] The agreement between Dior and Douglas Cox really put Australian dressmaking on the global stage, yet ultimately the 60 Dior models proved to be likewise avant-garde for the conservative Australian gustation. Douglas Cox was unable to continue the contract across the unmarried 1949 season making these Dior-Cox couture pieces some of the most rare collectors items in Australian couture.[30]

In 1950, Jacques Rouët, the full general manager of Dior Ltd, devised a licensing program to place the now-renowned proper name of "Christian Dior" visibly on a diversity of luxury goods.[11] Information technology was placed kickoff on neckties[6] and soon was applied to hosiery, furs, hats, gloves, handbags, jewelry, lingerie, and scarves.[11] Members of the French Chamber of Couture denounced information technology as a degrading action for the haute-couture prototype. Still, licensing became a profitable move and began a trend to continue "for decades to come",[11] which all couture houses followed.[6]

Besides in 1950, Christian Dior was the exclusive designer of Marlene Dietrich's dresses in the Alfred Hitchcock film Stage Fright. In 1951, Dior released his first book, Je Suis Couturier (I am a Couturier) through publishers Editions du Conquistador. Despite the visitor's potent European post-obit, more than than one-half of its revenue was generated in the United States by this time.[11] Christian Dior Models Limited was created in London in 1952.[6] An agreement was fabricated between the Sydney characterization House of Youth for Christian Dior New York models.[6] Los Gobelinos in Santiago, Chile, made an agreement with Dior for Christian Dior Paris Haute Couture.[6] The offset Dior shoe line was launched in 1953 with the assistance of Roger Vivier. The company operated firmly established locations in Mexico, Republic of cuba, Canada, and Italian republic by the cease of 1953.[eleven] As popularity of Dior goods grew, so did counterfeiting.[11] This illegal concern was supported past women who could non beget the luxury goods.

Past the mid-1950s, the House of Dior operated a well-respected way empire.[11] The showtime Dior boutique was established in 1954 at nine Counduit Street. In accolade of Princess Margaret and the Duchess of Marlborough, a Dior mode show was held at the Blenheim Palace in 1954 too. Christian Dior launched more highly successful way lines between the years of 1954 and 1957.[11] Yet, none came as close to the profound effect of the New Look.[11] Dior opened the Grande Boutique on the corner between Avenue Montaigne and Rue François Ier in 1955.[half-dozen] The kickoff Dior lipstick was also released in 1955.[6] 100,000 garments had been sold by the time of the company's 10th anniversary in 1956.[11] Actress Ava Gardner had 14 dresses created for her in 1956 by Christian Dior for the Mark Robson film The Little Hut.

Christian Dior appeared on the cover of TIME dated 4 March 1957. The designer soon after died from a third centre attack on 24 October 1957.[6] [eleven] The captivating bear on of Dior's artistic fashion genius earned him recognition as one of history'due south greatest way figures.[11] Kevin Almond for Contemporary Fashion wrote that "by the time Dior died his name had go synonymous with taste and luxury."[11]

Dior without Christian Dior: 1957 through the 1970s [edit]

The death of the head designer left the House of Dior in anarchy, and general managing director Jacques Rouët considered shutting downwards operation worldwide. This possibility was not received graciously past Dior licensees and the French style manufacture; the Maison Dior was too important to the financial stability of the industry to allow such an action. To bring the label dorsum on its anxiety, Rouët promoted the 21-twelvemonth-old Yves Saint-Laurent to Artistic Director the same twelvemonth.[xi] Laurent had joined the House's family unit in 1955 after being picked out by the original designer himself for the position of the first ever and but Caput Assistant.[6] [11] Laurent initially proved to take been the most appropriate choice afterward the debut of his beginning collection for Dior (the mention of Dior from this moment on refers to the company) in 1958.[11] The dress were as meticulously made and perfectly proportioned as Dior's in the same exquisite fabrics, but their immature designer fabricated them softer, lighter and easier to wear. Saint Laurent was hailed as a national hero. Emboldened by his success, his designs became more daring, culminating in the 1960 Vanquish Look inspired past the existentialists in the Saint-Germain des Près cafés and jazz clubs. His 1960 maverick expect was harshly criticized, and even more in Women's Wear Daily.[eleven] Marcel Boussac was furious, and in the leap, when Saint Laurent was called up to join the French army—which forced him to leave the House of Dior—the Dior management raised no objection. Saint-Laurent left after the completion of 6 Dior collections.[6]

Christian Dior Haute Couture accommodate designed past Marc Bohan, spring/summertime 1973.
Adnan Ege Kutay Drove

Laurent was replaced at Dior by designer Marc Bohan in late 1960. Bohan instilled his conservative style on the collections. He was credited by Rebecca Arnold as the man who kept the Dior label "at the forefront of fashion while all the same producing vesture, elegant clothes," and Women'due south Wear Daily, not surprisingly, claimed that he "rescued the firm."[xi] Bohan'southward designs were very well esteemed past prominent social figures. Actress Elizabeth Taylor ordered twelve Dior dresses from Bohan'due south Spring-Summer 1961 drove featuring the "Slim Wait". The Dior perfume "Diorling" was released in 1963 and the men's fragrance "Eau Sauvage" was released in 1966.[6] Bohan's banana Philippe Guibourgé launches the first French set up-to-habiliment collection "Miss Dior" in 1967. This is not to be dislocated with the already existing New York Ready-to-Wear store established in 1948. Designed by Bohan, "Babe Dior" opens its offset boutique in 1967 at 28 Avenue Montaigne. The Christian Dior Coordinated Knit line is released in 1968 and management of the Fashion Furs Section of Christian Dior is taken by Frédéric Castet.[6] This twelvemonth besides, Dior Parfums was sold to Moët-Hennessy (which would itself become LVMH) due to Boussac's bilious material company (the nevertheless-owner of Dior).[half dozen] [11] This, however, had no event on the Firm of Dior operations, and and then the Christian Dior Cosmetics business was born in 1969 with the creation of an exclusive line.

Post-obit this, Bohan launched the first Christian Dior Homme clothing line in 1970. A new Dior boutique at Parly 2 was decorated past Gae Aulenti and the "Diorella" perfume was released in 1972. Christian Dior Fix-to-Wear Fur Drove was created in France in 1973, and then manufactured under license in the United States, Canada, and Japan.[six] The commencement Dior scout "Black Moon" was released in 1975 in collaboration with licensee Benedom. Dior haute-couture graced the bodies of Princess Grace of Monaco, Nicaraguan First Lady Hope Portocarrero, Princess Alexandra of Yugoslavia, and Lady Pamela Hicks (Lord Mountbatten of Burma's younger girl) for the wedding of The Prince of Wales and Lady Diana Spencer. In 1978, the Boussac Group filed for defalcation and so its avails (including those of Christian Dior) were purchased by the Willot Group under the permission of the Paris Trade Court.[vi] The perfume "Dioressence" was released in 1979.[half dozen]

Arrival of businessman Arnault [edit]

A uncomplicated Dior Haute Couture evening gown designed past Marc Bohan, from the Jump 1983 collection

In 1980, Dior released the men's fragrance "Jules".[6] Later on the Willot Grouping went into bankruptcy in 1981, Bernard Arnault and his investment group purchased it for "one symbolic franc" in December 1984.[6] [xi] The Dior perfume "Poison" was launched in 1985. That same year, Arnault became chairman, main executive officer, and managing director of the visitor.[six] On assuming leadership, Arnault did away with the visitor's mediocre fabric operations, to focus on the Bon Marché section shop and Christian Dior Couture. Operations for Christian Dior drastically inverse for the meliorate under Arnault. He repositioned it as the property visitor Christian Dior South.A. of the Dior Couture way business organisation.[11] On the 40th anniversary of Dior's start collection, the Paris Fashion Museum dedicated an exhibition to Christian Dior.[6] In 1988, Arnault's Christian Dior South.A.'s took a 32% equity pale into the share capital of Moët-Hennessy • Louis Vuitton through its subsidiary Jacques Rober, creating what would get one of the leading and most influential luxury goods companies in the world. Under this milestone merger, the operations of Christian Dior Couture and Christian Dior Parfums were once again united. Italian-born Gianfranco Ferré replaced Bohan equally caput designer in 1989.[eleven] The get-go such non-Frenchman, Ferré left behind traditional Dior associations of flirtation and romance, and introduced concepts and a style described every bit "refined, sober and strict."[eleven] Ferré headed pattern for Haute Couture, Haute Fourrure, Women's Gear up-to-Wear, Ready-to-Vesture Furs and Women'south Accessories collections. His first collection was awarded the Dé d'Or in 1989.[6] That twelvemonth, a boutique was opened in Hawaii and the LVMH stake by Jacques Rober rose to 44%.[6]

Further Dior boutiques were opened in 1990 in upscale New York City, Los Angeles, and Tokyo shopping districts. The stake in LVMH rose once again, to 46%.[6] Another drove of watches named "Bagheera" – inspired by the round design of the "Black Moon" watches – was likewise released in 1990. Having fired the company's managing executive Beatrice Bongbault in Dec 1990, Arnault took up that position until September 1991, when he placed one-time Bon Marché president Phillipe Vindry at the postal service.[11] In 1991, Christian Dior was listed on the spot market and so on the Paris Stock Exchange'south monthly settlement market place, and the perfume "Dune" was launched.[vi] Vindry dropped fix-to-clothing prices by 10%. All the same, a wool arrange from Dior would come with a price label of USD 1,500.[xi] 1990 revenue for Dior was USD 129.3 million, with a net income of $22 million.[xi] Dior was now reorganized into three categories: 1) women'south ready-to-wear, lingerie, and children'south wear ii) accessories and jewelry 3) menswear. Licensees and franchised boutiques were starting to be reduced, to increase the company'south command over brand product. Licensing was in fact reduced by nearly half because Arnault and Vindry opted "for quality and exclusivity over quantity and accessibility."[xi] Wholly company-owned boutiques now opened in Hong Kong, Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, Cannes, and Waikiki, adding to its core stores located in New York Metropolis, Hawaii, Paris and Geneva. This held a potential to increase directly sales and profit margins while maintaining high-profile locations."[11] In 1992, Dior Homme was placed under the artistic direction of Patrick Lavoix, and the "Miss Dior" perfume was relaunched.[six] Francois Baufume succeeded Vindry in 1993 and connected to reduce licenses of the Dior name.[eleven]

Leather gloves by Christian Dior

The production of Dior Haute Couture was spun off into a subsidiary named Christian Dior Couture in 1995.[half-dozen] Also, the "La Parisienne" lookout model was released – embodied in the picket "Parisian Chic". By that yr, acquirement for the label rose to USD 177 meg, with a net income of USD 26.ix million.[11] Nether the influence of Anna Wintour, editor and chief of Vogue, CEO Arnault appointed British designer John Galliano to supervene upon Gianfranco Ferré in 1997 (Galliano on CBS News: "without Anna Wintour I would certainly non be at the firm of Dior").[6] [31] This choice of a British designer, in one case again instead of a French one, is said to take "ruffled some French feathers". Arnault himself stated that he "would have preferred a Frenchman", but that "talent has no nationality".[11] He fifty-fifty compared Galliano to Christian Dior himself, noting that "Galliano has a creative talent very close to that of Christian Dior. He has the same extraordinary mixture of romanticism, feminism, and modernity that symbolised Monsieur Dior. In all of his creations – his suits, his dresses – ane finds similarities to the Dior style."[eleven] Galliano sparked farther interest in Dior with somewhat controversial manner shows, such as "Homeless Prove" (models dressed in newspapers and newspaper bags) or "S&M Show".[11] Meanwhile, Dior licenses were being reduced further by new president and CEO Sidney Toledano.[11] On 15 October 1997, the Dior headquarters store on Avenue Montaigne was reopened –it had been closed and remodeled by Peter Marino – in a celebrity-studded consequence including Nicole Kidman, Demi Moore and Jacques Chirac. That yr, Christian Dior Couture besides took over all thirteen boutique franchises from Nippon's Kanebo.[6]

In May 1998, some other Dior boutique was opened in Paris. This time the store opened its doors on the Left Bank, Identify Saint-Germain-des-Prés. Also this twelvemonth, Victoire de Castellane became pb designer of Dior Fine Jewellery and the kickoff Dior Fine Jewellery boutique opened in New York City. Paris itself would witness the opening of the first Parisian Dior Fine Jewellery boutique the following twelvemonth, at 28 Artery Montaigne.[half-dozen] The perfume "J'adore" was released in 1999,[6] and on five Oct 1999, Galliano released the Dior Spring-Summer 2000 ready-to-clothing fashion bear witness, debuting the new Saddle bag. In the same year, Dior's long watch partner Benedom joined the LVMH group. In 2000, Galliano's leadership was extended to Ready to wear, accessories, advert and communications. The first entrada under his leadership was photographed by Nick Knight and featured two women simulating intercourse.

While other brands in the tardily 1990s, notably Gucci,[32] had resorted to porn chichi as a mean to depict attention, Dior ads had such an touch that porn chic became a trend in most fashion ads. Galliano ignited the escalation of porno chic advertisements, which culminated with Ungaro'due south zoophilic ads,[33] shot by Mario Sorrenti, and Gucci's ads, which featured a model with pubic hair shaped like the signature Gucci logo. As a affair of fact, information technology is considered that Galliano had revolutionized Dior more through his advert campaigns than through his designs.[34] [35]

On 17 July 2000, Dior Homme lead designer Patrick Lavoix was replaced by Hedi Slimane. Notable Dior releases that year were watches such equally the distinctive "Malice", which features bracelets made of "CD" links, as well as the "Riva". Hedi left Dior Homme in 2007 and replaced by Kris Van Assche.

21st century [edit]

In 2001, the Dior Homme boutique on thirty Artery Montaigne reopened with a new "gimmicky masculine concept" instilled by its designer Hedi Slimane. Slimane used this concept in the creation of his first Dior Homme collection.[vi] Soon, Dior Homme gained prominent male clientele including Brad Pitt and Mick Jagger.[xi]

John Galliano then began to release his own Dior watches in 2001, beginning with the "Chris 47 Aluminum" line, marking a new era in Dior watch design. Next, the "Malice" and "Riva" watches were redesigned with precious stones to create the "Malice Sparkling" and "Riva Sparkling" spin-off collections. Inspired by the Spring-Summertime 2002 Ready-to-Wear collection, Dior released the "Dior 66" sentinel, breaking many feminine traditional expectations in design.

The Dior flagship boutique in the upscale Ginza shopping district of Tokyo. First opened in 2004.

The men'southward fragrance "Higher" was released in 2001, followed past the perfume "Addict" in 2002. The company and then opened Milan's get-go Dior Homme boutique on twenty February 2002. Past 2002, 130 locations were in full operation.[11] On 3 June 2002, Slimane was presented with the "International Designer of the Twelvemonth" laurels by the CFDA. Until 2002, Kanebo was the Christian Dior ready-to-habiliment license holder in Japan and, when the license expired, Christian Dior was able to profitable directly sell its set-to-wear and accessories in its ain boutiques.[36] The "Chris 47 Steel" watch was released in 2003 as a cousin of the original "Chris 47 Aluminum". Bernard Arnault, Hélène Mercier-Arnault, and Sidney Toledano witnessed the opening of the Dior flagship bazaar in the Omotesandō district of Tokyo on 7 Dec 2003. The 2nd Dior flagship store was opened in the upscale Ginza shopping district of Tokyo in 2004.[six] An exclusive Dior Homme bazaar was opened as well that year in Paris on Rue Royale, and it presented the unabridged Dior Homme collection. A 2nd Dior Fine Jewelry boutique in Paris was opened at 8 Identify Vendôme.[6] A Christian Dior boutique was opened in Moscow afterwards the visitor took control of licensed operations of its Moscow agent.[6]

The designer of Dior Fine Jewelry Victoire de Castellane launched her own lookout man named "Le D de Dior" (French: "The D of Dior"). signifying the entrance of Dior watches into its collection of fine Jewelry. This watch was designed for women but made utilize of many pattern features which are typically idea of equally masculine. Slimane next released a watch for the Dior Homme drove called "Chiffre Rouge." This special watch included the signature await of Dior Homme: "Watch blueprint and technology match each other inseparably, to create the perfect expression of Dior Homme's creative excellence and to increment the watchmaking legitimacy of Dior timepieces." De Castellane then launched her second line of watches called "La Infant de Dior". The design for this line was meant to be more feminine with more of a "jewelry expect."

The "Miss Dior Chérie" perfume and the "Dior Homme" fragrance were released in 2005.[six] Galliano released his "Dior Christal" watches in which he combined steel and blue sapphires to create a "creative and innovative drove." Christian Dior Due south.A. then celebrated the 13th anniversary of Dior Watches in 2005, and, in Apr of that twelvemonth, its "Chiffre Rouge" collection was recognized by the Globe Watches and Jewelry Show in Basel, Switzerland. Also in the year, the manner house also historic the 100th anniversary of the birthday of designer Christian Dior.[6] An exhibition, "Christian Dior: Man of the Century," was held in the Dior Museum in Granville, Normandy.

In 2006, the Dior picket booth was dedicated to the Dior Canework. This pattern was made by designer Christian Dior and based on the Napoleon III chairs used in his fashion shows.

In 2007, Kris Van Assche was appointed as the new artistic director of Dior Homme. Van Assche presented his get-go collection afterward that year.[half dozen] The 60th Anniversary of the founding of the Maison Dior was officially celebrated in 2007 as well.[half dozen]

By Feb 2011, the House of Dior was in scandal after accusations of John Galliano making anti-Semitic remarks made international headlines: the visitor found itself in a "public relations nightmare."[37] Galliano was fired in March and the scheduled presentation of his Fall-Winter 2011/2012 set up-to-article of clothing collection went alee without him, amid the controversy, on 4 March.[38] Earlier the starting time of the show, chief executive Sydney Toledano gave a sentimental oral communication on the values of Christian Dior and alluded to the family's ties to the Holocaust.[39] The show airtight with the staff of the atelier coming out to have applause in the absence of their artistic managing director. (The previous January 2011 presentation of Spring-Summertime 2011 haute-couture was the last appearance of Galliano on the Dior runway.) The company went on ahead and appointed Nib Gaytten equally head designer acting in absence of creative manager.[40] Gaytten had worked under Galliano for Dior and for the John Galliano label. The get-go haute-couture collection (for the Fall-Wintertime 2011 season) under Gaytten'southward management was presented in July and was received with mainly negative reviews.[41] [42] Meanwhile, speculation remained for months equally it was unknown who would be selected to replace Galliano. During its thirteen-calendar month period of having no artistic director, Dior began undergoing subtle changes in its designs as the influence of the theatrical and flamboyant Galliano faded. The all-new resigned dior.com was launched in belatedly 2011.

There is a subtext to this New New Look that goes beyond respect for the house's esteemed founder. In ane roughshod swoop, John Galliano has been all just removed from the Dior history books. By making a visual connection betwixt his era and that of Christian Dior himself, Raf Simons has redrawn the line of succession. The unimpeachable codes of Dior are illustrated for a new generation; the bias-cutting dresses and Kabuki styling of Galliano downgraded to a footnote.

—Critic surmising the meaning of Simons' premier collection for Dior[43]

On 23 January 2012, Gaytten presented his second haute-couture drove (for the Spring-Summer 2012 flavor) for Dior and it was much better received than his first collection.[44]

Belgian designer Raf Simons was appear, on 11 April 2012, as the new creative managing director of Christian Dior. Simons was known for his minimalist designs,[43] and this contrasted against the dramatic previous designs of Dior under Galliano. Furthermore, Simons was seen to have emerged as a "night horse" amid the names of other designers who were considered loftier contenders.[37] To emphasize the appropriate choice of Simons as the right designer, the company ostentatiously made comparisons between Simons and the original designer Christian Dior.[45] Reportedly, Bernard Arnault and fellow executives at Dior and LVMH were keen to motion Dior from the Galliano years.[37] Simons spent much time in the Dior athenaeum[46] and familiarizing himself with haute-couture (every bit he had no previous background in that niche of style).[37] Simons was so scheduled to debut his designs in July. Meanwhile, Gaytten's Spring-Summer 2012 haute-couture collection was presented equally the start Dior haute-couture bear witness ever to be held in Cathay on fourteen April in Shanghai;[47] and it was a marking of the company's devotion to its presence in the Chinese market.

The show was the final presentation by Gaytten for Dior, and he remained equally head designer for the John Galliano characterization.[48]

On 3 May, the Dior: Hole-and-corner Garden – Versailles promotional film was launched.[49] It was highly buzzed well-nigh throughout various industry and social media sources equally it was a display of Dior through its transition. Simons presented his kickoff ever collection for the company – the Fall-Winter 2012 haute-couture collection – on 2 July. A major highlight of the fall-winter 2012 haute-couture shows,[37] [46] [l] the collection was called past the company as "the new couture" and made reference to the start of a new Dior through the work of Simons "wiping the [haute couture] slate clean and starting over again from scratch."[51] The designer'south collection "made more references to Mr Dior than to the business firm of Dior"[43] with pieces harkening back to themes Dior'due south mail-WWII designs introduced to fashion.[37] Simons, who rarely makes himself available for interviews, gave an interview published by the company through its Dior Mag online feature.[52] While previous runway presentations under Galliano were held at the Musée Rodin, Simons' show was held at a private residence, nigh the Arc de Triomphe, with the address only disclosed to select height-clients, celebrities, journalists, and other personnel exclusively invited in a discreet affair.[53] High-profile figures in attendance included designers Azzedine Alaïa,[37] [46] Pierre Cardin,[37] [54] Alber Elbaz (Lanvin designer),[37] [43] [46] Diane von Fürstenberg,[37] [43] [54] Marc Jacobs,[37] [43] [54] Christopher Kane,[37] [43] Olivier Theyskens,[46] Riccardo Tisci,[37] [54] Donatella Versace;[37] [43] [46] [54] and Princess Charlene of Monaco,[37] actresses Marion Cotillard,[37] Mélanie Laurent,[37] Jennifer Lawrence,[37] Sharon Rock; moving picture producer Harvey Weinstein;[46] and Dior chairman Arnault with his daughter.[37] Live satellite feed of the show was provided on DiorMag online and Twitter was also implemented for existent time communication.[53] Past and then, it was also known that the visitor had purchased the Parisian embroidery business firm Maison Vermont erstwhile earlier in 2012.[43]

In March 2015 it was announced that Rihanna was chosen as the official spokeswoman for Dior; this makes her the commencement blackness adult female to take the spokeswoman position at Dior.[55] In 2015, Israeli model Sofia Mechetner was chosen to be the new face of Dior.[56]

In 2016, Maria Grazia Chiuri was named the women's creative director for Dior.[57]

In April 2016 a new Dior flagship boutique opened in San Francisco, with a party hosted by Jaime King.[58]

In 2017, Dior renovated and expanded its Madrid store. The brand celebrated the opening of the new boutique in a masked ball attended past a number of Castilian celebrities similar Alejandro Gómez Palomo.[59]

In March 2018, Kim Jones was named the men's creative director for the firm.[lx] Under his management Dior has made several high profile streetwear collaborations. Jones showtime show for Dior featured American artist and designer Brian Donnelly aka KAWS. Thereafter followed collaborations with Raymond Pettibon, 1017 ALYX 9SM, Yoon Ahn, Hajime Sorayama, Daniel Arsham, Sacai and most recently Shawn Stussy, creator of the legendary streetwear brand Stüssy.[61]

In October 2019, Dior apologized to China for using a map of Mainland china that excluded Taiwan.[62]

On March eleven, 2022, 30 Avenue Montaigne has once again opened its doors to the public.[63] The property was closed for 2 years for a major renovation led past architect Peter Marino.[63] Historically, xxx Avenue Montaigne is the place where Christian Dior showcased his first collection.[63]

Celebrity "ambassadors" [edit]

Dior has created potent partnerships with Hollywood celebrities and social media influencers, working closely with these individuals to attain more demographics and re-institute its identity every bit a new, modern brand, despite the fact that it has been around for a while.[64] This has allowed the brand to portray a more populist image and concenter a wider audience.[65] The brand has worked with and dressed gimmicky mode icons like Jennifer Lawrence and Lupita Nyong'o, who may resonate with millennials.[66] Dior has finer implemented social media into their marketing communication strategy, in which images and videos from campaigns are shared on both the official Dior contour, and on the celebrity ambassadors' social media pages.

An instance of this success is seen in the Secret Garden campaign featuring Rihanna.[67] In this campaign, Rihanna is seen dancing to a song from her album (Merely If For a Dark) through a hall of mirrors.[68] By being associated with Rihanna's song, the company created a sense of association with her brand, which was beneficial to the company every bit she was ranked every bit the most marketable glory in 2016.[69] Despite the accomplish non being completely suitable to the Dior target audition, collaborating with the likes of Rihanna allows the company to engage with more of the market place, as Rihanna's social media post-obit is iv times larger than that of the way business firm.[65]

Below are some of the celebrity ambassadors who accept fronted Dior campaigns:

  • Isabelle Adjani: Poison perfume (1985–1990s)[70]
  • Carla Bruni: Lady Dior bag (1996)[71]
  • Milla Jovovich: Hypnotic Poison perfume (1999–2000)[72]
  • Charlize Theron: J'Adore Dior perfume (2004–present)
  • Sharon Rock: Capture skincare (2005–nowadays)[73]
  • Monica Bellucci: Dior cosmetics (2006–2010),[74] [75] Lady Dior handbag (2006–2007), Hypnotic Poison perfume (2009–2010)[76]
  • Eva Green: Midnight Poison (2007–2008)[77]
  • Marion Cotillard: Lady Dior pocketbook (2008–2017),[78] [79] Miss Dior handbag (2011)[lxxx]
  • Jude Police force: Dior Homme fragrance (2008–2012)[81]
  • Natalie Portman: Miss Dior fragrance, Dior cosmetics (2010–present)[82] [83]
  • Mélanie Laurent: Hypnotic Poisonous substance perfume (2011–nowadays)[84]
  • Mila Kunis: Miss Dior handbag (2012)[85]
  • Jennifer Lawrence: Miss Dior handbag (2012–present),[86] Joy by Dior fragrance (2018–present)[87]
  • Robert Pattinson: Dior Homme fragrance (2013–nowadays)[88]
  • Rihanna: Diorama pocketbook, J'admire Dior perfume, Dior sunglasses (2015–present)[89] [xc]
  • Johnny Depp: Dior Sauvage fragrance (2015–present)[91]
  • Angelababy: DiorAmour collection (2017–present)[92]
  • Cara Delevingne: DIOR Addict Stellar Shine Lipstick. Be DIOR. Be Pinkish. (2019)[93] [94]
  • Kim Jisoo: Dior Global Way Muse (2020–present); Dior Global Ambassador for Way and Beauty (2021–present)[95]
  • Yara Shahidi: Dior Global Brand Ambassador (2021–present); Face of Dior for Fashion and Cosmetics (2021–nowadays)[96] [97]
  • Oh Se-hun: Dior Global Ambassador (2021–present); Face of Dior for Way (2021–present)[98]
  • Kylian Mbappé brand administrator of the men'south collection including Sauvage fragrance [99]

Way shows [edit]

Fashion show Date Models in order of appearance Soundtrack Theme Creative managing director
Leap 2020 Ready-to-Habiliment January xx, 2020 Maria Grazia Chiuri
Pre-Fall 2020 December 11, 2019
Spring 2017 Ready-to-Wear September xxx, 2016
Resort 2017 May 31, 2016 Serge Ruffieux & Lucie Meier
Fall 2016 Ready-to-Wear March iv, 2016
Spring 2003 Couture January 19, 2003 John Galliano
Leap 2001 Fix-to-Habiliment —
Fall 2000 Couture July 28, 2000
Fall 2000 Ready-to-Wear February 28, 2000
Bound 2000 Ready-to-Wear —
Fall 1999 Couture July xix, 1999
Spring 1998 Couture —

Financial information [edit]

Financial data in € millions [100]
Year 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Revenue 29.881 xxx.984 35.081 37.968 43.666
Net Income three.926 3.883 vi.165 4.164 v.753
Assets 55.555 61.161 60.030 62.904 72.762
Employees 2535 2780 3033 3100 3800

Criticism [edit]

In 2000, Galliano's collection inspired past homeless people drew criticism, but also attending, to the house of Dior.[101]

In early on 2011, scandal arose when John Galliano was accused of making anti-semitic comments after drinking in Paris. Footage was released of the designer under the influence of alcohol proverb "I beloved Hitler" and "People similar you would be dead today. Your mothers, your forefathers would be fucking gassed and dead" to a non-Jewish woman.[102] In France, it is against the law to make anti-semitic remarks, and is punishable by up to six months in prison.[102] On 1 March 2011, Christian Dior officially announced that it had fired Galliano amidst the controversy.[103]

Buying and shareholdings [edit]

At the stop of 2010, the just declared major shareholder in Christian Dior South.A. was Groupe Arnault SAS, the family holding company of Bernard Arnault. The group's command amounted to 69.96% of Dior's stock and 82.86% of its voting rights.[104] The remaining shares are considered free bladder.[104]

Christian Dior South.A. held 42.36% of the shares of LVMH and 59.01% of its voting rights at the end of 2010. Arnault held an additional 5.28% of shares and 4.65% of votes direct.[7]

Creative directors [edit]

  • Christian Dior – 1946–1957
  • Yves Saint Laurent – 1957–1960
  • Marc Bohan – 1960–1989
  • Gianfranco Ferré – 1989–1997
  • John Galliano – 1997–2011
  • Bill Gaytten – 2011–2012
  • Raf Simons – 2012–2015
  • Serge Ruffieux & Lucie Meier 2015–2016
  • Maria Grazia Chiuri (women's) – 2016–present
  • Hedi Slimane (men's) – 2000–2007
  • Kris Van Assche (men's) – 2007–2018
  • Kim Jones (men'south) – 2018–present

Retail locations [edit]

The company operates a total of 210 locations as of September 2010[ citation needed ]:

  • Asia: 109
  • Africa: one (Casablanca, Morocco)
  • Caribbean: i (San Juan, Puerto Rico)
  • Europe: 45
  • Central America (Panama): 1
  • Middle East: 8
  • North America (Canada, Mexico, and the United States): 48
  • Oceania: half dozen
  • Southward America (Brazil, Argentine republic): 4

Encounter likewise [edit]

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Further reading [edit]

  • Jackson, Lesley. The New Await: Design in the Fifties. London: Thames & Hudson, 1991. ISBN 0-500-27644-7.

External links [edit]

  • Official website
  • Dior – brand and company profile at Way Model Directory
  • Christian Dior at Chicago History Museum Digital Collections Archived xv January 2015 at the Wayback Auto
  • Yahoo! – Christian Dior SA Visitor Profile
  • Dior haute couture 60th anniversary runway show review
  • "Interactive timeline of couture houses and couturier biographies". Victoria and Albert Museum. 29 July 2015.
  • Christian Dior, exhibition catalog fully online as PDF from The Metropolitan Museum of Art

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